CCNA: OSPF

4 minute read

Description:

Uses IP protocol 89 / RFC 1513 and 2328

Classless, and Uses Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm (SFP)

Default OSPF Config:



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   R1(config)#Router ospf # locally significant. Doesn't have to match
   R1(config-router)#router-id 1.1.1.1 # sets the router ID. If you assign this while no interfaces are configured with an IP and in the up state, IOS will enable a router ID of 0.0.0.0.
   R1(config-router)#Network   area
   # see below
   R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
   R1(config-router)#passive-interface fa0/2 # sets a passive interface.
   R1(config-router)#default-information originate
   R1(config-router)#maximum-paths 16 # default is 4 or 8, not sure.
   R1(config-router)#auto-cost reference-bandwidth 1000 # to support 1 Gbps links. The command value is expressed in Mbps instead of bps

Interface Commands:



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   # Make sure to set bandwidth values for all interfaces instead of using the defaults
   R1(config)#int g0/1
   R1(config-if)#ip ospf authentication message-digest
   R1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf authentication ipsec spi # couldn't get it to work in Packet tracer.
   R1(config-if)#ip ospf authentication-key 7 cisco # 7 is the encryption level - if you leave it at default, it will be viewable in run!
   R1(config-if)#ip ospf cost 10 # link costs = 100,000,000 bps / interface bandwidth in bps (Both 100Mbps and 1 Gbps = 1)
   R1(config-if)#ip ospf dead-interval
   R1(config-if)#ip ospf hello-interval 5 # you can change the defaults if needed
   R1(config-if)#ip ospf message-digest-key
   R1(config-if)#ip ospf priority 255# router priority

OSPFv3:



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   R1(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
   R1(config)#ipv6 router ospf 1
   R1(config-rtr)#router-id 1.1.1.1
   R1(config-rtr)#exit
   R1(config)#interface Serial0/0
   R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 3fff:1234:abcd:1::1/64
   R1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf area
   # see below
   R1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 1 area 0
   R1(config-if)#ipv6 enable
  • When configuring OSPFv3 over NBMA networks, such as Frame Relay and ATM, the neighbour statements are specified under the specific interface using the “ipv6 ospf neighbor [link local address]” interface configuration command. In OSPFv2, these would be configured in Router Configuration mode.


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   R1(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
   R1(config)#ipv6 router ospf 1
   R1(config-rtr)#router-id 1.1.1.1
   R1(config-rtr)#exit
   R1(config)#interface Serial0/0
   R1(config-if)#frame-relay map ipv6 FE80::205:5EFF:FE6E:5C80 111 broadcast
   R1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf neighbor FE80::205:5EFF:FE6E:5C80
   R1(config-if)#exit

Show Commands:



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   show ip ospf
   show ip protocols
   show ip ospf interface Serial0/0
   show ip ospf interface brief
   show ip ospf database # Used to display the collection of OSPF link states
   show ip ospf topology
   show ipv6 ospf neighbor
   show ipv6 ospf neighbor detail
   show ip ospf database network self-originate # DR Only
   show ip ospf database network [link state ID] # view network LSA
   debug ip ospf adj

Special command to clear OSPF:



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   R1#clear ip ospf process

MD5:



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   ip ospf message-digest-key 1 md5 MyPassword
   area 0 authentication message-digest # Can also be applied in an interface instead of globally

Main Notes:

Things that have to match between routers:
-Area ID’s and types
-Hello and dead timers
-OSPF password

Router types:
Internal router => All interfaces in the same area
Backbone router => Usually area 0
Area Border Router (ABR) => Connects to multiple areas
Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) => Connects to an external network of some kind, a non-OSPF network

Determining DR:
Highest Priority
Highest RouterID
Highest loopback ip
Highest interface ipv4 address

Operations:
Router learns about directly connected networks
Exchange hello packets with neighbors
Build a Link-State Packet (LSP) with information on each link
Flood the LSP to neighbors
Routers collect the LSPs from neighbors and construct a topology map
They then run their SPF algorithm and create an SPF Tree, which is used to populate the routing table

Packets Types:

  1. Hello
    -Establish and maintain adjacency with neighbor.
    -Every 10 seconds usually, 30 on Frame Relay
    -Sent to 224.0.0.5 or FF02::5 multicast address
    -Includes a dead timer to remove neighbors after certain time if no hello packet is received
  2. Database description => Contains short list of LSDB used for checking against local LSDB
  3. Link-state request => Request more information on an entry
  4. Link-state update => Reply to LSR and to announce new information
  5. Link-state acknowledgement => Acknowledges an LSU

LSA Packet Types:
Type 1 => Router link entries => Flooded within the area they originated
Type 2 => Contains router ID and IP address of the DR and all routers on the segment => Created for every multiaccess network in the area => Flooded within the area they originated
Type 3 => Collective data from type 1 LSAs => Created for every network learned => Flooded from one area to another => Used to advertise networks from other areas
Type 4 => Generated by an ABR when an ASBR exists within an area => Advertises external networks into a routing domain
Type 5 => Describes routes to networks outside of the OSPF AS => Generated by the ASBR => Flooded to everyone in the AS

Tables:
Adjacency database => Neighbors
Link-state database (LSB) => Topology table
Forwarding database => Populates routing table

Suggested Training Opportunities

  1. Free Resources
  2. Instructor led:

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